The Children in Sons and Lovers and What Maisie Knew :: Lawrence Sons and Lovers Essays

The Children in Sons and Lovers and What Maisie Knew The characters in Sons and Lovers by D. H. Lawrence and the characters in What Maisie Knew to each one have a special meaning. They all calculate to be twine with one another portraying a new cycle in another characters life. For instance, in What Maisie Knew Mrs. Wix was introduced, in my opinion, at a time when Maisie needed a pay off figure. Also, Sir Claude is introduced when she seems to need a father figure. On the other hand, in Sons and Lovers there ar not really many new characters introduced. However, the ones that are introduced seem to want to try and break the bond that Paul and his mother have. Thus, James and Lawrence seem to be using similar themes with different surroundings and events. Although the circumstances are different, Henry James and D. H. Lawrence characterize the children as being Impoverished. Henry James in his novel What Maisie Knew, portrays the main character, Maisie, as being imp overished emotionally. The emotional want that Maisie experiences in her life exist because of her parents extremely vicious hatred for each other. They use Maisie as a vessel for bitterness (13). To Beale and Ida, Maisie was just a barb that they used to hurt the other person. Eventually, Maisie figured out that they were using her to be the bearer of brutily hateful messages. Consequently, she learned not to deliver such messages. This made her parents very angry and they decided that she had grown incredably dull. Thus, Maisie realized They had wanted her not for any good they could do her, but for harm they could, with her unconscious aid, do each other. Unfortunately, Maisies emotions were of no concern to either parent. As a result, Maisie seldom experienced any meaningful affection from either of her parents. Furthermore, on the rare occasions when Maisies mother embraced her it was performed without any affection, or it is so convulsive that it makes her feel as th ough she had suddenly been thrust, with a smash of glass, into a jewellers shop-front... (112 Lawrence). Likewise, Maisies father subjects her to emotional neglect by reminding her that everything had changed on her account, everything ordered to enable him to give himself up

Use of Animals in Art Spiegelmans Maus: A Survivors Tale :: Art Spiegelman Maus A Survivor?s Tale

The Use of Animals in Art Spiegelmans Maus A survivors TaleThe Maus series of books tell a very powerful bill about one mans experience in the final solution. They do not tell the tommyrot in the conventional novel fashion. Instead, the books take on an approach that uses comic windows as a method of conveying the story. One of the most controversial aspects of this method was the use of animals to portray different races of people. The use of animals as human races shows the reader the ideas of the final solution a lot more forcefully than simply using humans as the characters.Art Spiegelman decided on a very interesting, and possibly offensive to some, scheme of different animals to use. The first type of animal that appears is the mouse (Maus 1 p. 5). Mice were used to represent the Judaic people during the Holocaust as well as the present day. Polish police were involved in the first arrest of Jewish persons (Maus 1 p. 27). Polish people were correspond with pigs. On ce the Germans appeared, the scheme of the animals began to make sense (Maus 1 p. 33). Germans were shown by the use of cats. The last animal to appear were the dogs (Maus 2 p. 12). The dogs are Americans, and were always friendly to the Jewish people.The relationship between these animals portray the ideas of the Holocaust very well. Mice are small and scrawny creatures which are usually hunted by Cats. Cats chase mice and attempt to carry out them, much like the Germans hunted down the Jews during the mass genocide. Pigs are very greedy and self centered. During the story, the Polish(Pigs) sold out the Jewish people on many another(prenominal) occasions (Maus I p. 143). An example is when Vladek and his family were staying at Kawkas farm. They may come search here any minute Youve got to leave In this situation, Kawka was not sex act the truth, but only trying to protect herself. Dogs chase cats, which in the book was symbolic because the Americans sympathized with t he Jewish people. These are very rudimentary overviews of the animals, but they will allot for the purposes of this essay.In the Maus series, the life of Vladek during the Holocaust was detailed. The animals were used to illustrate a point of view.Use of Animals in Art Spiegelmans Maus A Survivors Tale Art Spiegelman Maus A Survivor?s TaleThe Use of Animals in Art Spiegelmans Maus A Survivors TaleThe Maus series of books tell a very powerful story about one mans experience in the Holocaust. They do not tell the story in the conventional novel fashion. Instead, the books take on an approach that uses comic windows as a method of conveying the story. One of the most controversial aspects of this method was the use of animals to portray different races of people. The use of animals as human races shows the reader the ideas of the Holocaust a lot more forcefully than simply using humans as the characters.Art Spiegelman decided on a very interesting, and possibly offensive to s ome, scheme of different animals to use. The first type of animal that appears is the mouse (Maus 1 p. 5). Mice were used to represent the Jewish people during the Holocaust as well as the present day. Polish police were involved in the first arrest of Jewish persons (Maus 1 p. 27). Polish people were equal with pigs. Once the Germans appeared, the scheme of the animals began to make sense (Maus 1 p. 33). Germans were shown by the use of cats. The last animal to appear were the dogs (Maus 2 p. 12). The dogs are Americans, and were always friendly to the Jewish people.The relationship between these animals portray the ideas of the Holocaust very well. Mice are small and scrawny creatures which are usually hunted by Cats. Cats chase mice and attempt to guttle them, much like the Germans hunted down the Jews during the mass genocide. Pigs are very greedy and self centered. During the story, the Polish(Pigs) sold out the Jewish people on many occasions (Maus I p. 143). An example is when Vladek and his family were staying at Kawkas farm. They may come search here any minute Youve got to leave In this situation, Kawka was not vocalizing the truth, but only trying to protect herself. Dogs chase cats, which in the book was symbolic because the Americans sympathized with the Jewish people. These are very rudimentary overviews of the animals, but they will arrange for the purposes of this essay.In the Maus series, the life of Vladek during the Holocaust was detailed. The animals were used to illustrate a point of view.

breastfeed or bottle-feed? Essay -- essays research papers

Is the mammary gland going to lookfeed or bottle-feed?I must tell you that breast milk is usually best for your mollycoddle.-Each mothers breast milk is made especially for their own newborn. It contains all the Vit., Min. & adjure that your youngster needs( where as bottle milk has as little as 5-10% of all vit., min., & iron that are used by your baby.) Breast milk also continues to chg. as your baby grows to meet the changing needs of your infant, no formula is capable of such a chg. Breast milk contains protecting agents to help insure your babys health, these agents (WBCs and immunoglobins) help fight DZ and INF. Advantages of absorbing (Disadvantages to bottle feeding)1)promotes bonding between mom and infant, easily and quickly digested.2)Breastfed babies have fewer illnesses and faster recovery. The antibodies found in breast milk provide immunities that make it easier for a baby to fend false illnesses such as colds and ear infections. So not only do breastfed babie s tend to overtake sick less often but when they do get sick, they get better faster then babies that are bottle fed. Pre-mature babies who get breast milk also have less GI problems3)Breast milk has long term health benefits for your baby. The positive effects of breastfeeding last well beyond babyhood. Studies show that babies breastfed for the first six months are 43% less in all likelihood to become obese as children, if breastfed for more then 1 year they are 72% less likely to be overweight. Breastfeed babies have a lower risk of HTN later in life, they also have a lower risk of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea later in life. Breastfeed babies also have an average of 8 to 10 IQ points higher then bottle-fed babies. Finally breastfed babies have a lower incidence of SIDs4)Breastfeeding helps to take the pounds off subsequently pregnancy. Producing breast milk requires 500 calories a day5)Breastfeeding also helps benefit moms health. Some studies indicate that breastfeedin g decreases or lowers a womans risk of pre-menopausal breast cancer. It also appears to protect against osteoporosis.6)Breast milk is inexpensive as opposed to bottle feeding which tends to decease around $1400 to $1800 a year.7)&n... ...oiling, soaking in antibacterial solution (instructions are on the packet), or microwave bottle sterilizer. Store sterilized bottles in the refrigerator. go down the formula and shake thoroughly. Warm to room temp then give to baby 4)Feeding the baby Cuddles and comfort are as important for your baby as feeding is, bottle fed babys can bond too. Cradling your baby in your arms is the best position. Never feed the baby while he or she is laying downProblems while Breastfeeding1)Sore nipples (usually during the first week) Check the latch on technique and position of the baby during feedings. You expect to vary nursing positions. You can also use OTC lubricants or express a little milk or colostrum onto your nipples before and after nursing, gent ly pat dry (antibacterial qualities) In most cases sore or cracked nipples are no longer painful once good locating and latch on are achieved.2)Breast engorgement usually occurs in 2-3 days but is usually temporary and last only 3-7 days. For treatment and prevention pause a comfortable bra to support your breasts (no under wire at this time)

Dustin (Narration) Essay -- essays research papers

Composition One NarrationI can remember receiving the news like it was yesterday hitherto though it feels like a lifetime since I last heard Dustins high pitched laugh. Its still hard for me to talk about(predicate) his suicide.Even though Dustin had angelic features, such as light green eyes, dark blonde hair, and a smile that would get him out of anything, he was no angel. I remember the time he shot the windows of the bus with his B.B. gun or the time he put a flower in the pat then gave it to the bus driver. He wasnt too fond of the bus driver. He was perpetually the first to try something new. when we went to San Antonio for vacation, there was a cliff that everyplace looked the water and we were all scared to jump. Well, everyone except Dustin that is. I guess thats the ironic part of his death, he was the first person al most(prenominal) everyone at tutor knew who had committed suicide.It was no later than 1030 when, I was sitting in my Health class. I just opened the H ealth book, was flipping through the pages and I wasnt paying much attention to Coach Andree when the intercom came on.Coach Andree, the secretary announced.Yes, he answered.Would you please send Dara Wilson to check out?Sure will. he responded.I got up, packed my bag, and started walking out. I smiled at my friend Beau who said youre so lucky. I had no clue why I was checking out, but I knew something wasnt right. I started thinking of all the bad things that could have possibly gone persecute. I knew my brother went out the night forwards and he hadnt come home when we left for school that morning, so I was worried about that. Maybe something had happened to him was all that was racing through my mind. I didnt even nonice that Dustin was absent that day. I walked up the hall to the office, a walk that was prolonged by the impatience of my curiosity. I wanted to populate why I was leaving, especially so early in the school day. When I got to the office, I saw my Nanny Lisa ther e, all I could think was something was wrong with my mom or dad. I could read the sadness on the secretaries faces. Nanny Lisa was facing towards them and all I could see was her wavy fire red hair. in one case she realized I was behind her, she turned to me and said the words that cha... ... a prayer for him and his family. It was a great amount of passel in that hall, but not even one-fourth of the amount of people they had at the wake.The wake was held two days later. There were hundreds of people, I never even realized how many people he had affected. Dustins family insisted on an open casket, to show all the children the effects of suicide, the reality of suicide. It was the saddest experience of my life. I didnt feel as though I lost a friend, I felt like I had lost a family member. I once thought of suicide when I was depressed, but I have now seen the tolls that suicide takes on loved ones. I now realize that life is precious and I realize that all actions have consequence s. Dustin was always the first to try something new, different, or scary. His death helped me grow up, and stop being as superficial. It helped me change my opinions on suicide. I once thought of it as an still escape from life or hard times. I now see that suicide only causes more problems. I now realize that suicide is the most selfish act a person could do. Dustin taught me that and I wish I could thank him personally for that.

Themes in the Tempest Essays -- Tempest essays

Themes in the Tempest The Tempest is generally considered to be Shakespeares last sole-authored play. The play draws a number of oppositions, some of which it dramatises, and some of which it only implies. Prospero, a figure exhibiting m both resemblances to the Elizabethan idea of the Mage, (of whom the best known is probably Dr. John Dee), is opposed to both his corrupt brother, usurper of his role as Duke of Milan, and to Sycorax, an disgust witch and mother of the deformed slave Caliban. Sycorax does non enter the action of the play, having died before it opens, but enough is made of her evil disposition and behaviour to show Prospero as a model of human virtue in comparison. This despite Prosperos own use of magic to accomplish his will, and his bullying of the spirit Ariel and his threats to and punishments of Caliban. Prosperos role is central to the play, he is in control of the action throughout, through the exercise of his Art. A further contast is drawn between Miranda , Prosperos daughter, and caliban. Bothe were brought up together by Prospero since his arrival on Calibans Island, but Caliban has non responded suitably to Prosperos civilising education. Miranda, however, in line with the tenor of Shakespeares late plays in particular, is a model of chastity and virtue. Calibans ingratitude would seem to result from what we would call his genetic inheritance. Miranda calls him Abhorred slave Which any print of goodness will not take (12353-354) FN1 And Prospero A devil, a born devil, on whose nature Nurture can never work over on whom my pains, Humanely taken, all, all lost, quite lost. (41188-190) The opposition of nature and nurture is made... ...ntual relinquishing of power which entitles him to regain it. In my opinion, Shakespeare is associating true authority with renunciation, not with the exercise of tyrannical power. NOTES 1. All citations and references are to Frank Kermodes Arden Edition, to the excellent introduction of w hich I am indebted throughout. 2. In the Masque, the anti-masque is a comedic prelude in which the villainous characters (of lower-class origin) plot against virtue and established power-relations. In the Masque proper divine beings (frequently played by courtiers) would step in and defeat the evil plot, whereupon the anatomy would leave the stage and dance with the audience. 3. Paul Brown, This Thing of Darkness I Acknowledge Mine (in) Political Shakespeare, (eds) J. Dollimore & A. Sinfield, Manchester University Press, Manchester, (1996), pp. 48-71.

Geography of Cuba Essay -- Essays Papers

Geography of Cuba The geography of Cuba is very diverse, with large mountain ranges spanning the western and south-central central regions, and a beautiful 2,320 mile coastline that boasts white, sandy beaches to the north. The semitropical climate of Cuba supports lush, agricultural fields in which many species of plants and animals thrive. The main island of Cuba is or so 40,543 sq. miles, and Cubas Isla de la Juventud (Island of Youth) covers about 1,180 sq. miles. Also part of the Republic are four sets of small archipelagos the Sabana, the Colorados, the Canarreos and the Jardines de la Reina. The main type of soil found in Cuba is red clay, along with whatever sand and limestone hills. A surprising three quarters of Cubas land is fertile countryside and is readily accessible to many harbors. Cuba has a unique advantage over the other(a) Carribean islands because of its accessibility to h arbors, which allows for the transport of agricultural goods easily and efficiently to foreign markets. ...

Baby dumping causes Essay

Increasing baby son of a bitching cases all over the nation shown us this perspective house be classified as critical sociable crisis, many factor will lead to this situation. The baby dumping flowerpot refer to discarding or leaving alone for extended period of time, a child younger than 12 months of age in a public or private stage setting with the extent to dispose of the child. Based on the police statistic, it shown the increasing of case related to baby in this country driven to worried situation among the society. This scenario had been to a greater extent serious day by day, despite there are lot of information by government or frighten by the mass media. nonetheless though, more outcry by the Non Government Organization NGO and the public to compel stopping this loon action. In this case, mostly the adolescent tend to work the increasing of the baby dumping cases, the elder community is also either passively or explicitly in this problems. In some case we can read on newspaper or listen on the screen of mass media baby dispose in improper manner by irresponsibly person in diverse conditions.A girl gives birth in a school toilet, the biological provoke give a birth in the cheap hotel and leaves it in rubbish dump site and even worst coercion by their parent when they failed on consent to accept the baby as their descendent they rather throw the priceless gift from God than take it as a treasure. The baby diminishes in difference cruel ways, the way that can perceivably see by the people eye or may not. Sometime it is absurd to human mankind. Isnt it?. One of the main factors is the dispute in family base between family members, especially by their parent causing the child to be effected in this kind of situation. Even more, the crisis dragged in a long end point of misunderstanding, fighting and unhappiness. The abruptly change in the family environment is not something easy to take in their mind compared with matured elders. It even worst whe n their parents decided to a divorce, while their kids still not ready to face the situation to loss any of them in term of love and protection.Start from this point, they may tend to call back the difference ways to get all what they have lost, yes, the closest members is from their friend in their education groups at the some case wandering from online chatting that can substantially found in diverse website. The feeling to rely allthe hope and soul toward the person likely in opposite gender without proper monitor by the elders may lead to the risk with appreciation love of their relationship on the cheap hotel room bed or at any fleck reasonable for them. Another factor contributing the increasing of baby dumping cases is lack of k promptlyledge education, either in moral side or in the religious side or neither of them is worst situation.Nowadays, we can see, as the centuries risen parallel as well as the education standard inwardly the civilization, in positive side, it he lping people to more understand about what is surround us. But in the others side, some of them especially teenager incline to be more independent with their act on what they gained in their education in school even higher education standard such university or college, furthermore, the teenager stipulate to try something different, or something new, this is the main aspect why most of the cases related to teenager problem carry on in these day.For instance, by looking at the movie or any book contain unfiltered information. Without proper knowledge about it, they can easily influence to put a try or some just said, once only and never again, neglecting the consequences of their action, the minority of them really slick in manipulating the knowledge in turning it into their advantage side, the victim referred to women is in the inverse side, who lack in knowledge, make them susceptible to such risk. Poverty is also another factor that causes in child dumping scenario in this countr y. slimy society welfare system on who are not capable in financial of taking care child is more favor to dump the baby, this frequently occurred on adolescence in initial period to start the relationship or intend to have marriage. Political condition, such as difficulty in adoption proceedings, may also contribute to child dumping, as can the lack of institution, such as orphanage, to take in children whom their parent incapable to support, furthermore, when the accountable society has failed to convince the people and make them realize the important to save the precious biography of babies before it become plague in our community.Societies with strong social structures and liberal adoption laws tend to have lower rates of child dumping. Moreover, rape case can classified more baffling, it still happen in this millennium century, copying our ancient custom even conscience of human mankind repulse it. In some incest case it happen by among the family descent, now we can read in the front of news, the people we can trust most,betray us in such that disgraceful manner. Or it may happen by molestation force of others culprit others than family members toward the victim. Subsequently, the victim are not willing to do that so, consequently causing them not to welcome the baby in their pregnancy. After the tri-semester of pregnancy of waiting they will be conducive to diminish the baby, claim it as blessedness child. The hatred to the culprit interprets to risk the baby life, by tendency to abandon it somewhere out of their sign.Psychologists believe the force by closest members or family can cause the drastic change of action and unreassuring the human morality thinking. Even the initial instinct are totally object to their compel action. As a mother, it is hard to accept, if they are genuinely intend to act such that cruel activity, to dump baby after bring it in their pregnancy in almost three quarter of year. Even though, the miniature agitation and compul sion from the people around them distract or convince them to finish the life of innocent baby in such irritation mannerism. For instance, when the parent forces their kid to abortion the baby, afraid of the slander by the villager and their community surround. Either, intrude by the partner of sinful relationship to force them to terminate the baby life in any mean, to avoid their sinful action traced by peoples around them.

Scared straight

Critique of the frightened slap-up Program The program established in the 1970s, called Scared groovy is used throughout the United States as a means of deterring Juvenile crime. This program consists of young that are at risk visiting adult prisons, the youthfulness then have contact with captives to hear about the life and reality of being locked up from inmates (Slowikowski, 2011). The programs can involve tours of the facility, living the life of a prisoner for a full day, aggressive in-your-face presentations by inmates, and one- on-one counseling.However well intentioned these prison visit programs may be, decades of research have providen that this approach is not only ineffective, and possibly harmful to youth (Slowikowski, 2011). Now there was a study done by Anthony Petrosino and researchers at the Campbell Collaboration analyzed results from nine Scared Straight Programs and found that such programs generally increased crime up to 28 percent in the experimental grou p when compared to a no-treatment control group (Slowikowski, 2011). In an separate analysis of Juvenile prevention and treatment programs, MarkLipsey of the Vanderbilt Institute for public Policy Studies found that youth who participate in Scared Straight and other similar deterrence programs have higher recidivism rates than youth in control groups (Slowikowski, 2011). Also there was a report done in 1997 presented to the U. S. carnal knowledge where there was 500 crime prevention evaluations and said the program Scared Straight is what does not work in preventing Juvenile crime. Yet programs like Scared Straight are continuing to be used as an approach in the United States and throughout the world.On January 13, 2011, A&E Television Networks aired the primary of a multiepisode series of reality shows called Beyond Scared Straight (Slowikowski, 2011). It had become the most watched show in the United States with having an audience of 3. 7 million great deal (Sullivan, 2011). Th is then has parents and viewers envisageing the Scared Straight programs works, which then they do not think of the other possibilities of programs that are proven to work and be more beneficial to at-risk youth in deterring Juvenile delinquency. When I think of the A&E series of BeyondScared Straight I think of it as showing at-risk youth at home with their parents what it would be like if they were a part of this program. The at-risk youth I think dont take it as serious as the show portrays it to be because in this program your getting yelled at in your face by the inmates, you have a session where the inmates share their stories with the youth and explain how they attentiveness they would taken a different path, the youth will see their parents through video or glass windows, they may spend up to 24 hours in the facility, etc.With a program like Scared Straight there are many things we can critique. First these programs require young people to project into the future. They do nt think like that, they dont think logically or long term. Thats why theyre kids. They are impulsive, and think short term, espically whenb it comes to punishment (Sullivan, 2011). Kids know how hit and miss the criminal judge system is. They believe they might not get caught when they think about committing a crime. What young people react to is How swift is the punishment in toll of the behavior?How certain is it that a consequence will occur? How severe is the punishment? The extreme nature of the punishment shown in scared straight programs doesnt play the expectations of young people. They dont picture themselves locked up (Sullivan, 2011 . ) Again a program like scared straight is something that was made by adults for young kids, but we need to take that these young kids dont react the same was as adults do or would in a program like scared straight. What these at-risk youths need are to be retch in activities of everyday life that will keep them from termination to pri son rather than putting them in a scared straight rogram saying this is where youre going to be if you continue the road your going down. Why not show these at-risk youth what and where you should want to be in life, like a Job show them responsibility and what it is like to earn hard working money to save for something, to be able to afford the things you want, etc.

Prewriting: Attitudes Toward Women Essay

1. INTRODUCTIONa. Thesis State workforcet With different motivations, but similar intentions the word choices and poetic rhetorical devices of the verbalizers reveal their attitudes toward women. Using persuasive techniques and extensive figurative language to compare and contrast Brownings, My Last Duchess, and Marvells, To His overmodest Mistress, it becomes clear that the main goal of the characters in these poems is their need to be the dominant force over the opposite sex. 2. Attitudes Towards Women Demonstrated in Poetrya. Illustrate how the speakers in each of the poems are trying to stock women i. In the Dukes case, its the envoy and in the speakers case, the woman. b. Both the characters aims are the same, but their motivations are different i. The speaker in To His overmodest Mistress seems like a respectful man, who is articulate, this is important because it is his main strength which he uses to lure her to him. ii. The use of time to symbolize sex=self (To His Coy Mi stress) The speaker of the poem is infatuated with a woman who wont tip over him the time of day. The speaker chases the woman and he proposes that time is flying by and they should grab it and run as fast as they can. Had we but world enough and time, /this modestness, lady, were no crime. iii. The Duke in My Last Duchess is an arrogant, disrespectful man, who cares more about locating and wealth then love. 3. Women are presented as objects of beauty and pleasurea. Describe the tone and figurative languageimagery, simile, hyperbole, etc.used to present woman as objects rather than their importance as human beings i. Elaborate on men only appreciating women for their physical appearance and ability to please their partner In To His coy Mistress, the woman is portrayed as beautiful, The youthful hue sits on the skin like morning dew. Here, the speaker praises the fair complexion of the woman through the use of simile. Similarly, in My Last Duchess, the Duke makes comments regar ding his ex-duchess being enamor and alluring. Thats my last duchess painted on the wall, looking as if she were alive. I call that a flip-flop a wonder. Here the Duke tries to impress the envoy with his ex-Duchesss beauty as he stops to admire the painting of her.4. The value of love versus make sense disregard for the role of women in society a. Compare and contrast the reasons each poem portrays both of these ideas b. To His Coy Mistress=values woman and the love they give i. Based on the speakers urge, or motives, for a sexual relationship with the lady ii. Describe the speakers polite techniques to praise and persuade, and how they develop into impatience and desperateness c. My Last Duchess=humiliates the role of women in society i. Show how women are viewed/treated as inferior and easily manipulated ii. Confirm the fact that because the Duchess did non depend on the Duke completely, she terrorized him.iii. Analyze the death the speaker refers to the portrait of the wife h e murdered as My last duchess. It hints that she was not his only duchess and that he might have had several wives before this last or latest one. 5. Mans obsession with domination over woman (need for submissiveness) a. The men in both poems necessity to feel like they are ranked higher than the women. They want to feel powerful and be controlling, aiming only to please and seek pleasure for themselves. 6. Mans insecurity in the absence of women dependencea. Answer the question are men weakened by their dependency on the power they have over women? i. In To His Coy Mistress, although the speaker appears thoughtful and genuine, he is preoccupied with pursing an attractive and captivating young woman in all hopes of making love with her. No strings attached. ii. In My Last Duchess, When the Duke had the Duchess killed it was a threat to all women. The Duke had the Duchess murdered because she did not worship her husband.

Production Strategy Essay

The kernel number of while spent for machining and conjoin during the construct of unitary BodyPlus100 (includes the machining and welding hrs mentioned in physique Unit, conjure up Station and Pec-dec Station) atomic number 18 eight (8) hours.The add number of hours spent for picture and culture in the entire process (includes the machining and welding hours mentioned in border Unit, sign Station, and Pec-dec Station) is atomic number 23 (5) hours.The perfect number of hours spent for Assembling, testing and packaging for the manufacture of one BodyPlus100 machine is two (2) hours.BodyPlus200The total number of time spent on machining and welding in the entire process (includes the machining and welding hours mentioned in Frame Unit, inspire Station, Pec-dec Station and level shake up Station) during the manufacture of one BodyPlus200 machine is 12 (12) hours.The total number of hours spent for icon and coat in the entire process (includes the machining and we lding hours mentioned in Frame Unit, Press Station, Pec-dec Station and Leg Press Station) is ten (10) hours.The total number of hours spent for Assembling, testing and packaging for the manufacture of one BodyPlus100 machine is two (2) hours.CalculationsThe total number of working hours assigned for machining and welding processes is 600 hours.The total number of working hours assigned for create and refinement processes is 440 hours.The total number of working hours assigned for Assembling, Testing and Packaging is 140 hours.To find place the total number of machines that can be do can be found out in the following math.As either of the machines (BodyPlus100 and BodyPlus200) requires two (2) hours of assembling, testing and packaging time.Total number of machines to be produced none let the total number of BodyPlus100 machines manufactures be denoted by the variable X and the total number of BodyPlus200 machines make be denoted by the variable Y. on that pointfore, the total time take for Assembling, testing and Packaging is 2 hours.That implies, 2X + 2Y =140Then X+Y=70. There we get the total number of possible machines that can be make atomic number 18 lxx in number.As the recommended number of BodyPlus200 machines that have to be produced mustiness be at least 25% of the total number of machines produced.Then Y takes a value of 25% of the total number of possible machines i.e. seventy (70).Therefore, 17 fills in the best value of at least 25% of total number of machines produced when the count of total number of machines produced are sixty five (65).Taking the number of BodyPlus100 machines and BodyPlus200 machines manufactured to be 49 and 16 in numbers respectively. Then the calculation follows asTime required for machining and welding1) BodyPlus100In the Frame unit, it takes four (4) hours of machining and welding time.In the Press Station, it takes two (2) hours of machining and welding time.In the Pec-dec Station, it takes two (2) hours of m achining and welding time.The total number of machining and welding time interpreted in the manufacture of one BodyPlus100 machine is eight (8) hours.Therefore, the total time taken for machining and welding processes during the manufacture of 49 BodyPlus100 is 49*8 = 392 hours.2) BodyPlus200In the Frame unit, it takes five (5) hours of machining and welding time.In the Press Station, it takes three (3) hours of machining and welding time.In the Pec-dec Station, it takes two (2) hours of machining and welding time.In the Leg Press Station, it takes two (2) hours of machining and welding time.The total number of machining and welding time taken in the manufacture of one BodyPlus200 machine is xii (12) hours.Therefore, the total time taken for machining and welding processes during the manufacture of 17 BodyPlus200 is 17*12 = 204 hours.Therefore, the total number of hours spent for the entire manufacture processes is equal to 392 + 204 = 596 hoursHence, we lost 4 hours of invigorate d machining and welding time.Time required for Painting and finishing1) BodyPlus100In the Frame unit, it takes two (2) hours of impression and finishing time.In the Press Station, it takes one (1) hours of painting and finishing time.In the Pec-dec Station, it takes two (2) hours of painting and finishing time.The total number of painting and finishing time taken in the manufacture of one BodyPlus100 machine is five (5) hours.Therefore, the total time taken for painting and finishing processes during the manufacture of 49 BodyPlus100 is 49*5 = 245 hours.2) BodyPlus200In the Frame unit, it takes four (4) hours of painting and finishing time.In the Press Station, it takes two (2) hours of painting and finishing time.In the Pec-dec Station, it takes two (2) hours of painting and finishing time.In the Leg Press Station, it takes two (2) hours of painting and finishing time.The total number of painting and finishing time taken in the manufacture of one BodyPlus200 machine is ten (10) ho urs.Therefore, the total time taken for machining and welding processes during the manufacture of 17 BodyPlus200 is 17*10 = one hundred seventy hours.Therefore, the total number of hours spent for the entire manufacture processes is equal to 245 + 170 = 415 hours.Where the total number hours assigned for painting and finishing is 450 hours.Hence, we lost 35 hours of unused painting and finishing time.Time required for Assembling, Testing and Packaging1) BodyPlus100The manufacturing of one BodyPlus100 machine takes two (2) hours of assembling, testing and packaging time.Therefore, the total number of hours spent in assembling, testing and packaging during the manufacture of 49 machines is 49*2= 98hours.1) BodyPlus200The manufacturing of one BodyPlus200 machine takes two (2) hours of assembling, testing and packaging time.Therefore, the total number of hours spent in assembling, testing and packaging during the manufacture of 17 machines is 17*2= 34hours.In total, the total number of hours spent during the entire process is 98 + 34 = 132 hours.As the assigned number of assembling, testing and packaging time is 140 hours.So, eight (8) hours of the assembling, testing and packaging time is unused.Total Cost for producing the machines1) BodyPlus100The BodyPlus100 machine consists of four (4) units.Frame unit Where the raw material court for for each one BodyPlus100 unit is $450 in this Frame Unit.Press Station Here the raw material woos for each BodyPlus100 unit is $300 in this Press Station.Pec-dec Station Here the raw material cost for each BodyPlus100 unit is $250 in this Pec-dec Station.Packaging Here the estimated cost for each BodyPlus100 unit is $50 for packaging.2) BodyPlus200The BodyPlus200 machine consists of five (5) units.a) Frame unit Where the raw material cost for each BodyPlus200 unit is $650 in this Frame Unit.b) Press Station Here the raw material cost for each BodyPlus200 unit is $400 in this Press Station.c) Pec-dec Station Here the raw mater ial cost for each BodyPlus200 unit is $250 in this Pec-dec Station.Leg Press Station Here the raw material cost for each BodyPlus100 unit is $200 in this Leg Press Station.Packaging Here the estimated cost for each BodyPlus200 unit is $75 for packaging.Labor Costs during the manufacture ProcessMachining and welding Given that the dig out costs are $20 per hour for machining and welding time.Now the total number of hours spent for machining and welding in manufacturing one BodyPlus100 and one BodyPlus200 are eight (8) and twelve (12) respectively. Therefore, the labor costs for machining and welding estimated for manufacturing one BodyPlus100 to be 8*20 = $160. And, the labor costs for machining and welding estimated for manufacturing one BodyPlus200 to be 12*20 = $240.Painting and finishing Given that the labor costs are $15 per hour for painting and finishing time.Now the total number of hours spent for painting and finishing in manufacturing one BodyPlus100 and one BodyPlus200 ar e five (5) and ten (10) respectively. Therefore, the labor costs for painting and finishing estimated for manufacturing one BodyPlus100 to be 5*15 = $75. And, the labor costs for painting and finishing estimated for manufacturing one BodyPlus200 to be 10*15 = $150.Assembly, Testing and Packaging Given that the labor costs are $12 per hour for assembly, testing, and packaging time.Now the total number of hours spent for assembling, testing and packaging in manufacturing one BodyPlus100 and one BodyPlus200 are two hours each. Therefore, the labor costs for painting and finishing estimated for manufacturing one BodyPlus100 to be 2*12 = $24. And, the labor costs for painting and finishing estimated for manufacturing one BodyPlus200 to be 2*12 = $24.Hence the total labor costs in manufacturing 49 BodyPlus100 are49*($160+$75+$24) = 49*($259) = $12691Also, the total labor costs in manufacturing 17 BodyPlus200are17*($240+$150+$24) =17*($419) = $7123Gross expenditure in the production of one unit of BodyPlus100 The total cost do in the manufacture of one BodyPlus100 machine (includes raw costs and labor costs) $450+$110+$300+$55+$250+$70+$50+$24 = $1309.BodyPlus200 The total cost made in the manufacture of one BodyPlus200 machine (includes raw costs and labor costs) $650+$160+$400+$75+$250+$70+$200+$70+$75+$24 = $1974.Profit CalculationsThe sell price of one BodyPlus100 machine is $2400.The sell price of one BodyPlus200 machine is $3500.An authorized dealer will purchase at only 70% of the suggested retail price.Hence, a sale of one BodyPlus100 will produce 70% of $2400 = $1680And a sale of one BodyPlus200 will produce 70% of $3500 = $2450.Admittedly, the net gelt that is made in the sale of one BodyPlus100 machine is ($1680 $1309) = $371.Whereas the net profit that is made in the sale of one BodyPlus200 machine is ($2450 $1974) = $476.Here the net profit made on manufacturing one BodyPlus200 machine ($476) is larger in number than the profit that is made on manu facturing one BodyPlus100 machine ($371).But if we calculate the net profit that is made per hour work will entirely change the opinion onto BodyPlus100 machine.As, we get a profit of $476 subsequently working 24 hours in manufacturing BodyPlus200 machine. This promoter the net profit made per hour on manufacturing one BodyPlus200 is only $476/24 = $19.83Whereas, the net profit made on manufacturing one BodyPlus100 machine is $371 after working for 15 hours.Therefore, profit made per hour is $371/15 = $24.73ConclusionSo, referring to the above profit math increasing the production percent (i.e. 75%) in the total production will gradually increase the profits of the comp either.Solutions Plus Table2.1No. of gallons requiredFreight ChargesNo of gallons supplied fromTotal charges for shipping CincinnatiOaklandCincinnatiOaklandCincinnatiOaklandSanta Ana22,4180.2222,4184,931.96El Paso6,8000.840.746,8005,032Pendleton80,2900.830.4930,29050,00025,140.724,500Houston100,4770.4550,44750,0002 2,701.15Kansas city241,5700.36191,57050,00068,965.2Los Angeles64,7610.2214,76150,00011,000Glendale33,6890.2233,6897,411.58Jacksonville68,4860.3418,48650,0006,285.24 bitty Rock148,5860.3498,58650,00033,519.24Bridgeport111,4750.3451,47550,00017,501.5Sacramento112,0000.1562,00050,0007,500Total990,522Grand Total517,615462,907Here we can see that the total numbers of gallons that are delivered from Cincinnati are more than 500,000 gallons. So we are short-circuit of 17,615 gallons of the locomotives cleaning agent that has to be delivered from Cincinnati.To satisfy the requirement of the majority of the dealers in the remaining locations, and considering the profits, all the 17,615 gallons of the cleaning agent is reduced from the Pendleton deal. Table2.2No. of gallons requiredProduction cost for the total number of gallonsTotal charges for shippingTotal expenditure from Cincinnati($1.20/gallon)Oakland($1.65/gallon)CincinnatiOaklandCincinnatiOaklandSanta Ana22,418$36,989.70$ 4,931.96$41,921.66El Paso6,800$11,220.00$5,032.00$16,252.00Pendleton62,675$15,210.00$82,500.00$10,520.25$24,500.00$25,730.25$107,000.00Houston100,477$60,536.40$82,500.00$22,701.15$83,237.55$82,500.00Kansas city241,570$229,884.00$82,500.00$68,965.20$298,849.20$82,500.00Los Angeles64,761$17,713.20$82,500.00$11,000.00$17,713.20$93,500.00Glendale33,689$55,586.85$7,411.58$62,998.43Jacksonville68,486$22,183.20$82,500.00$6,285.24$28,468.44$82,500.00Little Rock148,586$118,303.20$82,500.00$33,519.24$151,822.44$82,500.00Bridgeport111,475$61,770.00$82,500.00$17,501.50$79,271.50$82,500.00Sacramento112,000$74,400.00$82,500.00$7,500.00$74,400.00$90,000.00After cut back the supply to the Pendleton concerning larger profits, the total no. of gallons of cleaning agent sent to the Pendleton will be 17,615 less than that stated in Table-2.1 Table-2.3No. of gallons requiredNo. of gallons suppliedTotal Expenditure(in $)Total Income from each location (15% more than the actual cost)Santa Ana22,41822,418 $41,921.66$48,209.91El Paso6,8006,800$16,252.00$18,689.80Pendleton***80,29062,675$132,730.25$152,639.79Houston100,477100,477$165,737.55$190,598.18Kansas city241,570241,570$381,349.20$438,551.58Los Angeles64,76164,761$111,213.20$127,895.18Glendale33,68933,689$62,998.43$72,448.20Jacksonville68,48668,486$110,968.44$127,613.71Little Rock148,586148,586$234,322.44$269,470.81Bridgeport111,475111,475$161,771.50$186,037.23Sacramento112,000112,000$164,400.00$189,060.00TOTAL990,552972,937$1,583,464.67$1,821,214.39*** indicates the locations that are short of the locomotive cleaning agent than they require by any amount.ConclusionHence the net profit made for one year is $237,749.72 and if the bid is made for one year the total amount has to be $1,821,214.39 but given that the bid has to be made for two years. Then the bid price would be $3,642,428.78And the profit expect in two years (taken the oil prices are fixed) is $475,499.44If the oil price is hiked by 15% then also profit is expected fo r the Solution Plus Company as there are few locations which are supplied with the cleaning agents without any shipping charges. So only a peripheral amount of profit can be made in two years even after placing the bid. If the price of oil is slashed by any margin, then there will be more profits for the Company after one year.

Chickens

As our society continues to advance, our technology does too. One of the most recent inventions of the diet system atomic number 18 GMOs .GMOs be organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. These genetically modified organisms ar seen to have both negative and corroboratory effects in our society.One of the umteen examples of genetically modified animals ar chickens.The main effect that chickens have on humans is the amount of chemicals argon put wrong them affects the human system. According to an online article written by Ultius , thither is a bacteria that was created in the early 1900s that makes the chickens grow at a faster evaluate in order for companies to produce much chicken products at a faster and lower cost.The effects of these decisions were not studied early on, however, as epoch went on we have seen that in that location is a rise for health defects that be brought on because of these bacterias being placed in doors chickens. Our bodies were made to intake natural ingredients, directlyadays these ingredients atomic number 18 no longer found in any of the feed we intake. on that point has been studies that show that our food is one of the biggest causes of cancer.A documentary titled What the wellnessspeaks of the truth that is hidden from the consumer about their food. In the documentary a young man goes on a journey to bring light into the issues that go on with our food. He later thinks that galore(postnominal) of the government associations that atomic number 18 meant to be supporting healthy eating are instead promoting it. Because GMOs help animals grow faster, the producer is commensu pasture to make more gold off the product in a faster rate.Although, we practically dont want to accept it most of the things in life are businesses even feeding people. We would rather feed people something that can make them sick or hurt them if it means these big companies are Martinez 3 making more notes for it. The business of GMOs has gr let so big throughout the world that it is very rare and expensive to buy organic food because there not equal people supporting the idea behind local-GMO-free farms.This isnt whole bad for the humans health but for the chickens. Chickens size in 1957 utilize to be 905 grams but right away they have increased up to 4,202 grams which is about 9.2 pounds , chickens die because of their size and cant walk without getting tired or resting. They feed chickens so they could have bigger breast. Chickens are mistreated, they are put in a tight cage that they dont even fit in, this has cause them to break their legs because they are to big to fit in that cage. Chickens arent the ones that are getting modified but the crops are.The chickens may similarly include viruses and bacteria.when they feed the chickens the crops contain chemicals which is not safe. Although there are many negatives to genetically modified chickens there can withal be autocratic violations to our society because of this animals. According to Techrepublic this doesnt altogether help grow more food but it has a positive collision on economies, and social perspective. This doesnt only benefit humans but it also helps to stop the H5N1 which is a bird flu.Since the chickens are bigger and help give us more food it helps humans to consume. When you go to the store to buy chicken their breast are bigger than usual so you get to eat more . Since the crops that they feed to chickens are modified its more environsally-friendly that results in more sustain fitted food product and Genetically modified crops require less fertilizer and few pesticides. on that points not that many benefits for the chickens but theres a really huge advantages for the farmers and consumers. The genetically modified Chickens help farmers make more specie because they spend less notes producing more food. This also helps out companies/ Martinez 4 restaurants.For example KFC , their chicken had been modified because when you get their.chicken breast they are the size of your hand, but we get more food out of it and even get leftovers so we could eat that later again and save some money. So this also helps benefit us because not only do we get more food but it helps our environment and makes it look beautiful and healthy , it contributes to the sustaining of better air and water quality.There are many Pros and Cons about this issue. For us students at Olympian High School this issue is being talked about everywhere in school. The senior class is reading elicit Sanctuary a book written by activist and take iner of a non-profit organization that focuses on raising awareness for the abuse of animals and the GMOs being apply in our food.My sister is currently a senior and is also part of the Common Senior Experience committee, she has told me about meeting Gene Baur, the author of the book. As our society advances problems start to come up m ore and more instantly more than ever is this issue being talked about. The main cause of diseases now comes from our own choice. Big organizations continue to tell us that we have to be careful with what we eat, however, many people dont have the resources to do so. radical and GMO-free food is expensive and ofttimes hard to bob up in everyday grocery stores. Even as children we have a hard while eating healthy because many of us do not get to decide what we eat because our parents make it for us and we have no choice in whether we want to eat it or not. There are many negative parts to this issue, but maybe if we were given simple solutions that everyone, no matter their social status could use, we could eat better and also help the animals.Gene Baur suggested growing a tend outside you home with fresh fruits and vegetables although, doing this is a lot of work the benefits outweigh the cost. Starting a garden can help Martinez 5you get free healthy food that does not harm the animals. There isnt a big price tag that comes along with it either, purchasing seeds from stores costs as much as 79 cents. People can take different stands on the issue and solutions are very hard to find especially since this has become such a natural thing in our environment, but nothing is impossible to do.In conclusion Genetically modified organisms are one of the most advanced technology in the world. GMOs not only have negative but also positive impact in people, farmers, environment and chickens.This is a big issue in society that is affecting everyone that has both negative and positive impacts.Source cited The Dangers Of Eating Genetically Modified Chickens By Dante, make september 11 2014.https//www.ultius.com/ultius-blog/entry/the-dangers-of-eating-genetically-modified-chicken.htmlWhy Have Chickens Quadrupled In Size Since The 1950s? By Melissa Cronin, produce October 7, 2014. https//www.thedodo.com/bigger-chickens-breed-select-754013461.htmlGenetically Modified Chi ckens By Seattle total Restaurants.http//www.seattleorganicrestaurants.com/vegan-whole-foods/genetically-modified-chickens/. elevate Sanctuary Gene Boura GMO Essay Galilea Martinez 2/17/2018Mr.DavisPeriod 6 Martinez 2As our society continues to advance, our technology does too. One of the most recent inventions of the food system are GMOs .GMOs are organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. These genetically modified organisms are seen to have both negative and positive effects in our society.One of the many examples of genetically modified animals are chickens.The main effect that chickens have on humans is the amount of chemicals are put inside them affects the human system. According to an online article written by Ultius , there is a bacteria that was created in the early 1900s that makes the chickens grow at a faster rate in order for companies to produce more chicken products at a faster and lower cost.The effects of these decisions were not studied early on, however, as time went on we have seen that there is a rise for health defects that are brought on because of these bacterias being placed inside chickens. Our bodies were made to intake natural ingredients, now these ingredients are no longer found in any of the food we intake. There has been studies that show that our food is one of the biggest causes of cancer.A documentary titled What the wellnessspeaks of the truth that is hidden from the consumer about their food. In the documentary a young man goes on a journey to bring light into the issues that go on with our food. He later finds that many of the government associations that are meant to be supporting healthy eating are instead promoting it. Because GMOs help animals grow faster, the producer is able to make more money off the product in a faster rate.Although, we often dont want to accept it most of the things in life are businesses even feeding people. We would rather feed people something that can make them sick or hurt them if it means these big companies are Martinez 3making more money for it. The business of GMOs has grown so big throughout the world that it is very rare and expensive to buy organic food because there not enough people supporting the idea behind local-GMO-free farms.This isnt only bad for the humans health but for the chickens. Chickens size in 1957 used to be 905 grams but now they have increased up to 4,202 grams which is about 9.2 pounds , chickens die because of their size and cant walk without getting tired or resting. They feed chickens so they could have bigger breast. Chickens are mistreated, they are put in a tight cage that they dont even fit in, this has cause them to break their legs because they are to big to fit in that cage. Chickens arent the ones that are getting modified but the crops are.The chickens may also include viruses and bacteria.when they feed the chickens the crops contain chemicals which is not safe. Although there are ma ny negatives to genetically modified chickens there can also be positive impacts to our society because of this animals. According to Techrepublic this doesnt only help grow more food but it has a positive impact on economies, and social perspective. This doesnt only benefit humans but it also helps to stop the H5N1 which is a bird flu.Since the chickens are bigger and help give us more food it helps humans to consume. When you go to the store to buy chicken their breast are bigger than usual so you get to eat more . Since the crops that they feed to chickens are modified its more environmentally-friendly that results in more sustainable food product and Genetically modified crops require less fertilizer and few pesticides. Theres not that many benefits for the chickens but theres a really huge advantages for the farmers and consumers.The genetically modified Chickens help farmers make more money because they spend less money producing more food. This also helps out companies/ Mart inez 4 restaurants. For example KFC , their chicken had been modified because when you get their.chicken breast they are the size of your hand, but we get more food out of it and even get leftovers so we could eat that later again and save some money. So this also helps benefit us because not only do we get more food but it helps our environment and makes it look beautiful and healthy , it contributes to the sustaining of better air and water quality.There are many Pros and Cons about this issue. For us students at Olympian High School this issue is being talked about everywhere in school. The senior class is reading Farm Sanctuary a book written by activist and owner of a non-profit organization that focuses on raising awareness for the abuse of animals and the GMOs being used in our food. My sister is currently a senior and is also part of the Common Senior Experience committee, she has told me about meeting Gene Baur, the author of the book.As our society advances problems start to come up more and more now more than ever is this issue being talked about. The main cause of diseases now comes from our own choice. Big organizations continue to tell us that we have to be careful with what we eat, however, many people dont have the resources to do so.Organic and GMO-free food is expensive and often hard to find in everyday grocery stores. Even as children we have a hard time eating healthy because many of us do not get to decide what we eat because our parents make it for us and we have no choice in whether we want to eat it or not. There are many negative parts to this issue, but maybe if we were given simple solutions that everyone, no matter their social status could use, we could eat better and also help the animals.Gene Baur suggested growing a garden outside you home with fresh fruits and vegetables although, doing this is a lot of work the benefits outweigh the cost. Starting a garden can help Martinez 5you get free healthy food that does not harm the a nimals. There isnt a big price tag that comes along with it either, get seeds from stores costs as much as 79 cents.People can take different stands on the issue and solutions are very hard to find especially since this has become such a natural thing in our environment, but nothing is impossible to do. In conclusion Genetically modified organisms are one of the most advanced technology in the world. GMOs not only have negative but also positive impact in people, farmers, environment and chickens.This is a big issue in society that is affecting everyone that has both negative and positive impacts.Source citedThe Dangers Of Eating Genetically Modified Chickens By Dante, Published september 11 2014.https//www.ultius.com/ultius-blog/entry/the-dangers-of-eating-genetically-modified-chicken.htmlWhy Have Chickens Quadrupled In Size Since The 1950s? By Melissa Cronin, Published October 7, 2014. https//www.thedodo.com/bigger-chickens-breed-select-754013461.htmlGenetically Modified Chickens By Seattle Organic Restaurants.http//www.seattleorganicrestaurants.com/vegan-whole-foods/genetically-modified-chickens/.Farm Sanctuary Gene Boura GMO Essay Galilea Martinez 2/17/2018Mr.DavisPeriod 6

The Monstrosity: a Common Trait in Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Shelley’s Frankenstein

Through time, the theme of the monstrosity has been a prominent subject in many an(prenominal) novels and plays. In the play Macbeth, Macbeth illustrates monstrous traits though his ambition as he strives to cash in ones chips the fagot of Scotland. schoolmaster in Shelleys Frankenstein alike displays monstrous behaviors by using science along with his ambition to create his prodigious mammoth. Moreover, Both wench Macbeth and the three witches imply their satanic traits by influencing Macbeth to let the monstrous king that he is while Victor become make for by both his place in time which is the Romantic Era and by the daemon himself.In addition, both Macbeth and maam Macbeth died as a result of their diabolical actions. This is comparable to the sufferings of Victor and Elizabeth because of the giants strike back plans and Victor himself. Thus, in Shakespeares Macbeth and Shelleys Frankenstein, monstrosity is apparent throughout the ambitions, do works and outcomes of the principal(prenominal) characters actions. In the play, the briny character Macbeth has the ambition to become and remain king. In order to become king, Macbeth needs to kill Duncan who has done absolutely nothing wrong. Duncan is a very noble king.However, Macbeths ambition leads him to be more abnormal and it hurts his reputation in the process. Ill go no more. I am afraid to think what I tolerate done Look ont again, I dare not (Shakespeare 2. 2. 53-55). here, Macbeth intensifies his ambition and fill by trying to become the king of Scotland. Macbeth contemplates the idea that being king, he could do whatever he wants to. The truth is that to get to that position, Macbeth had to murder many innocent people wish Duncan. He wants to be king so badly that he never looks back at what he did.By looking back at the situation, Macbeth thinks that it will bring guilt to him. Similarity, Lady Macbeth cold-bloodily expands her ambition to become queen of Scotland. Some of her ambi tion rubs off on Macbeth. It is she who has the idea to kill Duncan. She goes as far as to call out the spirits. That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan under my battlements, come you spirits that tend on inclination lesson thoughts, unsex me here and fill me from the crown to the toe-top full (Shakespeare 1. 5. 38-41). Here, Lady Macbeth wants to unsex herself. She wants to be more of a powerful, un caring human by getting disembarrass of her feminine side.It allows her to achieve her ambition. Furthermore, she talks about the crown going from head to toe. Just like her husband, she needs Macbeth to be king so she can be queen. Lady Macbeth is willing to pay any price. Ambition plays a big role in both Macbeth and Lady Macbeths lives as they try to regularisation Scotland. In Shelleys Frankenstein, Victor and the dickens show their ambition during their quest for k straightwayledge. On the night when Victor formulates his zoology, he realizes that his ambition has been a fail ure unless by looking at his creation. Moreover, his plans became ruined.He had expectations that kind of came to an unexpected stop. How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe, or how delineate the wrench whom with such infinite pains and care I had endeavored to form? His limbs were in proportion, and I had selected his features as beautiful. Beautiful peachy God (Shelley 43) Victors ambition has now been a catastrophe. He compares the monster to a wrench because he sees the being as a letdown and a bad accomplishment. His words displays that his feelings are monstrous. By comparing his instrument to a wrench, he is being very discriminatory, qualification him monstrous.He attempts to be recognized by society and from his perspective it is impossible to achieve that. Like Lady Macbeth, Victor has also unsex himself because while Lady Macbeth gets rid of her feminine side, Victor gets rid of his world view and put aside all of the caring values at home. However, he did not intend to be evil, he did it for the purpose of science. Similar to Victor, the monster has his own ambition. The monster had the ambition to meet new(a) people despite his ugliness. When he introduces himself to the De Laceys, they strike back. Agatha fainted, and Safie, unable to attend to her friend, rushed out of the cottage.Felix darted forward, and with supernatural force tore me from his father, to whose knees I clung in a charge of fury, he dashed me to the ground and struck me violently with a stick (Shelley 123-124). Here, the monster tries to fulfill his ambition by meeting the De Laceys. He attempts to explain his ambition. However, things solve out wrong for him. Because of the way, Felix discriminates against him and considers him a monster based on his looks. His social drive leads him to being a satanic-appearing creature in the eyes of the De Laceys. That is why Felix hits him with a stick and Safie runs away. They do not believe in him.Likewise, Macduff see s evil in Macbeth, as he does not attend his coloration. He just like Felix thinks that he is a monster. Nonetheless, Macbeth is really evil and has evil ambitions. The monster on the other hand does not. Thus, monstrosity is portrayed in the ambitions of both Victor and the monster throughout their intentions to be accepted in society. Macbeth not only shows monstrosity through his own ambition, he also shows it as a result of other influences. star huge influence on Macbeth is none other than his wife. Although Macbeth had the ambition to become king, he does not have the drive to carry through.This is where Lady Macbeth comes in. She is the one who drives Macbeth into cleanup position Duncan, becoming a temptress in the process. We fail? But screw your courage to the sticking-place, And well not fail. When Duncan is asleep, Whereto the rather shall his days hard journey well invite him, his two chamberlains will I with wine and wassail so convince that memory, the warder of th e brain, Shall be a fume, and the receipt of reason a limbeck only (Shakespeare 1. 7. 59-67). Here it shows that Lady Macbeth takes an enormous role in Macbeths ambition. Through her words, Lady Macbeth displays her gruesome traits.She is willing to take the initiative and kill Duncan for Macbeth. Sadly, Macbeth falls for it. The thought of murdering someone is indeed monstrous. The three witches additionally have influence Macbeth in a way that drives Macbeth to become king. When Macbeth first listens to the predictions of the three witches, he is in shock. He by and by realizes that it can be a reality. The witches are temptresses in Macbeths eyes. All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Glamis. All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor. All hail Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter (Shakespeare 1. 3. 46-48).Here, the three witches are predicting the future of Macbeth as they tell him that he will become king one day. This evil influence propels Macbeth to do whatever it takes to become king. They make Macbeth believe that he can be king. This influence kick starts Macbeths plans to kill Duncan. Thus, monstrosity is demonstrated as both Lady Macbeth and the witches act like temptresses to Macbeth while he strives to become king. Victor also had some influences that cause him to display some monstrosity. The Romantic Era could be a huge influence on Victor as he thrives to create his creation.His society is described as a revolutionary and rebellious one. As scientists in the Romantic Era make new and new discoveries, it thrusts Victor into creating his own. When the professor reveals that Victor wrong about his theory on why the manoeuver lit up, it causes Victor to revolutionize the world of science. As I stood at the door, on a sudden I beheld a stream of fire reappearance from a old and beautiful oak which stood about twenty yards from our house and so soon as the dazzling light vanished, the oak had disappeared, and nothing remained save a b lasted stamp.When we visited it the next morning, we found the tree bust in a single manner (Shelley 26). Here, Victor sees a tree being shattered by lightning. A modern philosopher introduces Victor about his ideas on electricity and galvanism and why the tree completely shattered. He proves that all the scientist Victor follows like Cornelius Agrippa, Paracelsus, and Albertus Magnus were wrong. As the science professor proves Victor wrong, it causes Victor to create and do something bigger so that he can top him one day. He has the lust for familiarity, knowing that in the Romantic Era, anything is possible.This era also poses some supernatural and mystical effects that might cause Victor to create his monster. It foreshadows that Victor would impound himself from his family in order to modernize the science world. The isolation of Victor proves that his is monstrous. Victor gets hints from the Romantic Era similarly to Macbeth getting hints from Lady Macbeth and the witches. The monster has also influence Victor to becoming more atrocious throughout the back and forth affair with the two. The conflict between Victor and the monster starts to take its course.Victor promises the monster to make him a distaff companion so that the monster would not feel lonely. Conversely, Victor destroys the monster, thinking that it would take over and corrupt the world. This causes the monster to be angry. Additionally, he tells Victor that he will be there on his wedding night. Victor becomes paranoiac to the point where he starts bringing out weapons. In the meantime I took every precaution to defend my person in consequence the fiend should openly attack me. I carried pistols and a dagger incessantly about me and was ever on the watch to prevent artifice, and by these means ained a greater degree of tranquility (Shelley 182). Victors one steal of abandoning the monster at birth has cause the monster to seek revenge by cleanup position William and Justine. Victo r sees this and accepts the monsters request of creating a female companion, only when later destroys it. This triggers the creature to strike back at Victor on his wedding night. At his wedding night, he carries around weapons in case the monster shows up. Victor becomes paranoid ever since the monster utters that he will be there on Victors wedding night. However at the same time, Victor is scaring Elizabeth with all his weapons.In Elizabeths eyes, Victor seems more evil. Victor is being more horrific to Elizabeth even though he is defend her. Plus, she does not even know that the monster coming Victor hides this information it from her. This shows that Victor is worried more about the monster (self-protection) than Elizabeth, which makes him monstrous. Thus, Victor displays monstrosity, as he becomes influence by the Romantic Era and the monster. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth both illustrate their monstrous personality, which leads to some key outcomes during their ruling as king an d queen.According to the witches, Macbeth gets paranoid that either Banquo or his son Fleance might become the next king. So he calls out three murderers to kill them. He does not have this drive before, but once he is king, he wants to remain king and is willing to do anything. Moreover, he calls murderers to kill the family of Macduff since he poses as a threat to him. I have no words, my voice is in my sword, thou bloodier villain than terms can give out to thee (Shakespeare 5. 8. 6-8). This shows that Macbeths immoral actions done on the family of Macduff have made him angry. Macbeth causes his angriness due to what transpired.Macduff calls Macbeth a villain because he is the one who kills Lady Macduff as well as his son. From the looks of it, Macduff really want to get his give on Macbeth and kill him. Macduff has the quest for revenge and is eager to go the distance. In the end, the outcome is that Macbeths actions has cause him to die in the hands of Macduff because of his m onstrous traits. Lady Macbeth also dies as a result from her own monstrous actions. Before she commits suicide, she realizes that it is her fault that Banquo died. She is the one who built Macbeth into more of a devilish being, thus making herself monstrous. Wash your hands, put on your night-gown, look not so pale. I tell you yet again, Banquos buried he cannot come out ons grave (Shakespeare 5. 1. 54-56). This shows that Lady Macbeth has guilt for what she has done throughout the play. Lady Macbeth just like Victor creates her own monster in Macbeth and now, she suffers the consequences. She cannot even mop away her sins. She feels that it is her fault that Banquo dies. Furthermore, she commits suicide as a result because she can no longer handle he guilt. Lady Macbeth immoral actions have become a weight of guilt on her to the point where she commits suicide.Hence, the deaths of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth were as an outcome of their monstrous actions done toward Scotland. Likewise , the conflict between Victor and the monster causes them to be horrific and as a result of their actions, both died which is similar to Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Ever since Victor abandons the monster at his house, the monster always wants to seek revenge against Victor. He even kills all of Victors family members. He soon realizes that killing all those innocent people was not the right thing to do. That is also my Victim He exclaimed.In his murder my crimes are consummated the miserable series of my being is wound to its close Oh Frankenstein Generous and self-devoted being (Shelley 209). The monster now has guilt in him. He believes that his monstrous traits would be the main force towards the death of Victor. The monster put Victor through so much as he tries to reach the North Pole. He calls Victor his own victim even though he never really kills him. The monster realizes his corruptive mistakes, but it is too late. This also foreshadows the death of the monster. Like Lady Mac beth, the monster has a weight of guilt on his shoulders.He dies so that he could avoid that guilt. Also, because of Victor killing the female companion of the monster, it sparks the monster so much to the point where he uses monstrous traits to kill Victors female companion, the harmless Elizabeth. Great God Why did I not then expire Why am I here to relate the destruction of the best hope and the purest creature on earth? She was there, lifeless and inanimate, thrown across the bed, her head hanging down and her pale and distorted features half covering by her hair (Shelly 186). Here, this displays that the monster uses his scandalous individualities to kill Elizabeth.This is comparable to Macbeth as he kills the members of the Macduff family. This is probably because Victor himself demonstrates some monstrosity by killing the monsters female companion. In a way, it was Victors own satanic actions that cause the monster to kill Elizabeth. Also, Victor shows his monstrous traits as he objectifies Elizabeth. Elizabeth is been treated as an object according to Victor. Elizabeth had been objectified her whole existence by Victor. Thus, the monster and Victor proves they have monstrosity and as a result, Victor, Elizabeth, the monster and others die.Therefore, ambition, influential actions, and outcomes are three aspects of the main characters that display monstrosity in Shakespeares Macbeth and Shelleys Frankenstein. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have the ambition to become king and queen, but they use monstrous actions like killing Duncan in order to get these positions. In comparison, both Victor and the monster uses monstrosity to achieve their goals on gaining knowledge. Furthermore, temptresses like Lady Macbeth and the three witches have influence Macbeth to be king by using scandalous characteristics of their own.Both the monster and the Romantic Era itself has cause Victor to further pursue his goal of gaining knowledge but in the process, he portrays monstro sity. Macbeths and Lady Macbeths shameful characteristics has also resulted in the deaths of countless others including themselves. The lurid conflict between Victor and the monster has also cause their deaths, as well as the deaths of the other members in the Frankenstein family. Thus, the monstrosity is recognized in both Shakespeares Macbeth and Shelleys Frankenstein throughout the main protagonists and antagonists.

Acquisition in Multinational Coperation Essay

Purpose This bustleceptual composing aims to draw upon recent complexness and organizational psychology literature to examine hornswoggle gameict incidents, exploring the limitations of the predominant explore paradigm that treats shirkict episodes as f arring in sequence, as discrete isolated incidents. Design/methodology/ surface The paper addresses a long-standing impression in gipict solicitude inquiry, which is that the predominant typology of memoriseict is discoverf utilise. The complexity stance challenges the fundamental paradigm, which has dominated research in the cabbageict age, in which victimiseict episodes bechance in sequence and in isolation, with buss utilize unmatchable predominant put to work of stingict resolution doings.Findings The ndings are dickens-fold rst, the behavioural strategies dealed in the solicitude of these checkicts will be super complex and will be de limitined by a list of inuencing factors and se checkd, t his belongs possibility beyond the dickens attributeal duel bunko gamecern opinion, in that the adaptable manager relations with these multiple, simultaneous filchicts will also need to insect bitesider the possible meanings of their chosen dodge along with the ever-changing little environment in which they operate.Originality/value This paper adds value to the eld of flurryict guess by moving beyond two dimensions and exploring a sequent t severallytingency eyeshot for gipict counseling deep down the organization. It argues that multiple chiselict episodes rear occur simultaneously, requiring managers to use differing behaviors for successful discoverict counseling. Keywords adoict anxiety, readict resolution, Organizational gypict, Individual behaviour, Inter mortalal relationsPaper part flimflamceptual paperInternational daybook of filchict focussingVol. 21 none 2, 2010pp. 186-201q Emerald Group Publishing Limited1044-4068inside 10.1108/10444061011 037404IntroductionIt is now over 40 years since Louis Pondy (1967) wrote his seminal member on seeict inwardly the organization and its care and almost 20 years since his reections on his earlier work were promulgated (Pondy, 1989)1. In 1967 Pondy nominateed what was for two decades the generally accepted paradigm of takeict that seeict episodes occur as temporary disruptions to the new(prenominal)wise cooperative kins which make up the organization (Pondy, 1967). In his later(prenominal) reections on his earlier work and that of opposites, Pondy jut appeard that find outict is an inherent feature of organizational life, quite than an occasional breakdown of cooperation (Pondy, 1989). This radically challenged the previous paradigm. Indeed, Pondy (1989) even suggested that research into the phenomenon of cooperation within the organization could be benecial in providing further insight into memorizeict within the organization, implying that it was cooperation, not to yict, which was the anomalous state requiring investigation. Yet, for almost two decades, Pondys pick upceptualization of instructict as a natural state for the organization has remained largely unexplored despite the emergence of a complexity situation which explores multiple elements of the hookict situation or cooperative state. One possible fountain why Pondys challenge has not been answered is that some surprise has arisen over the legal injury and typologies used for the classication of cabbageict episodes. Consequently, debates around seeict structure or composition perk up tended to dominate the research agenda. The potential for adofusion arising from these various pangict classications will be discussed in this paper. Where conict counseling behaviors agree been studied, researchers put on tended to tenseness on a savourless accession path or dual concern speculation model (Thomas, 1976) which suggests that respective(prenominal)s assume conict cent ering behaviors based on their perceived self interests and those of early(a)s i.e. concern for self (competitive behaviors) versus concern for other (accommodating behaviors). Although this approach to the research of conict and its management ts well with Pondys (1967) original paradigm, it is challenged by the complexity panorama that has emerged in psychology research. The complexity locating of intraorganizational conict maintains that inter personalised affinitys are more complex than even so thought, and that the unfolding conict is inuenced by a wide variety of chassiss. Moreover the complexity perspective encourages the musing of simultaneous complexity (more than wiz event occurring simultaneously) and of how the mode of conict management affects the terminations (Munduate et al., 1999). This fresh perspective has enabled researchers to examine the point at which behavioural personal manner is dislodged and the effect on the conict episode (Olekalns et al., 1996 ) and to depend at how diverse behaviors are combined (Janssen et al., 1999).With the recent developments in the complexity perspective of conict management research (Van de Vliert et al., 1997 Munduate et al., 1999), the time has come to further explore the possible consequences of the complexity perspective whether it is in fact the case that conict is an inherent condition within the organization (Pondy, 1989) whether conict episodes donot occur in isolation but occur frequently and simultaneously (Euwema et al., 2003) and whether complex sequences of adaptive behaviors are require to continually manage the constantly changing intraorganizational, conict environment. Before we house do this, and to provide a common ground for discourse, we rst need to examine some of the theories around conict typology that have arisen in the psychology and management literature and which may be the cause of some confusion.Conict terms and typologiesConict is a bulky construct that has been studied extensively across several disciplines covering a wide govern of social interactions. Previous conict research has identied four main levels of conict in the background of human behavior and relationships as summarized by Lewecki et al. (2003)(1) Intergroup conicts between groups of privates which chamberpot range in coat and complexity due to the m both relationships involved, including international conict between nations.(2) Intragroup or intraorganizational conicts arising within smaller groups which comprise the organization.A re-evaluationof conict theory187IJCMA21,2188(3) Interpersonal conict that is, conict at an single level, conict between individuals, or conict between an individual and a group. (4) Intrapersonal conict on a personal level, where the conict occurs in unmatcheds own mind.Although these four levels of conict all calculate across both the psychology and management literature, it is the third level (interpersonal conicts within the organizati on or the reactions an individual or group has to the comprehension that two parties have aspirations that cannot be achieved simultaneously) that has buzz off the central eld of research within the organization (Putnem and Poole, 1987). In 1992, Thomas proposed a simplied denition of interpersonal conict as the put to work which begins when an individual or group feels negatively affected by another individual or group. The conict consists of a perception of barriers to achieving ones goals (Thomas, 1992). More recently, interpersonal conict has been dened as an individuals perceptions of incompatibilities, differences in views or interpersonal incompatibility (Jehn, 1997). Conict at this level has mostly been seen as adversarial and as having a negative effect upon relationships (Ford et al., 1975). These denitions presuppose that an opposition or incompatibility is perceived by both parties, that some interaction is fetching place, and that both parties are able to inuence or render involved that is. that on that point is some detail of interdependence (Medina et al., 2004). Interpersonal conict could arise within organizations where, for example, customer-facing departments such(prenominal) as Sales make promises to customers that other departments then have to deliver. In this domain of intraorganizational, interpersonal conict, both Pondys (1966, 1967) work and recent developments adopting the complexity perspective are of particular interest This broad area of intraorganizational, interpersonal conict has been further subdivided into two types relationship conict and confinement conict. relationship conict arises between the actors through their subjective sensational positions, whereas occupation conict relates primarily to the more bearing tasks or issues involved (Reid et al., 2004). A series of studies conrmed this duality between relationship and task. Wall and nonean (1986) identied people oriented versus task oriented conict. In the e arly to mid-1990s Priem and Price (1991), Pinkley and nary(prenominal)thcraft (1994), Jehn (1995) and Sessa (1996) all identied relationship and task as discrete aspects of conict. The picture became rather more complicated in the late 1990s. In 1995 Amason et al. redened conict types as affective and cognitive and in 1999 Van de Vliert further redened these types as task and person conict. In working toward a more comprehensive model ofintraorganizational, interpersonal conict, Jameson (1999) suggested iii dimensions for conict(1) content(2) relational and(3) situational.The content dimension encompasses the previously discussed conict types (affective, cognitive, relationship etc) while the relational dimension considers the subjective, perceived variables within the relationships of the actors involved .trust.status....A re-evaluationof conict theoryseriousnessdegree of interdependencerecord of success andthe form of actors involved.The situational dimension examines the varia bles which may be most relevant in selecting an appropriate conict management strategy. These include time pressure, the potential stupor of the conict episode, the degree of escalation and the range of options available in the management of the conict episode (Jameson, 1999). Meanwhile, Sheppard (1992) criticized the multiplicity of terms that were being used to attract types of interpersonal conict, and the needless confusion that this caused. Theresult of the m any approaches describe above is that on that point is no general model for the typology of interpersonal conict within the organization. In the absence of such a model, other researchers have taken different approaches, using the antecedents of the conict episode to describe conict types. Examples of this proliferation include manipulation conict (Walker et al., 1975), gender conict (Cheng, 1995) and goal conict (Tellefsen and Eyuboglu, 2002). This proliferation of terms or typologies has unsurprisingly led to confus ion, most noticeably with the term interpersonal conict being used to describe stringently relationship or emotional conict (Bradford et al., 2004) or conict being dened in terms of emotion only, adding to the wide range of terms already used (Bodtker and Jameson, 2001). Thus, at a time when international, interorganizational, intraorganizational, interpersonal and intrapersonal conicts are being extensively studied with conict dened and operationalized in a variety of miens, no widely accepted and consistent model has emerged to shape conict research (Reid et al., 2004). Table I summarizes the many different conict typologies that have been proposed. Table I illustrates that relationship and task conict are almost universally accepted as distinct types of interpersonal conict by psychology and management researchers. DateAuthor(s)Conict typology198619911994199519951996199619971999199920002000200220032003200420042005Wall and noneanPriem and PricePinkley and nonethcraftJehnAmaso n et al.SessaAmasonAmason and SapienzaJamesonJanssen et al.Friedman et al.Jehn and ChatmanTellefsen and EyubogluBradford et al.De Dreu and WeingartReid et al.Tidd et al.Guerra et al.People oriented, task orientedRelationship, taskRelationship, taskRelationship, taskCognitive, affective caper, person orientedAffective, cognitiveAffective, cognitiveContent, relational, situationalTask, person orientedRelationship, taskTask, relationship, attendGoal conictsInterpersonal, taskRelationship, taskRelationship, taskRelationship, taskRelationship, task189Table I.A summary of thetypologies of conictIJCMA21,2190In addition, many researchers have identied a third type of conict which relates to the environment in which managers operate, draw as situational conict ( Jameson, 1999) or process conict ( Jehn and Chatman, 2000). We believe that a consistent conict typology is called for, to avail future research into the complex nature of intraorganizational conict. In this paper, we propose that future researchers should recognize common chord types of interpersonal conict. However, since the terms relationship and task are vulnerable to misinterpretation we uphold using the terms affective and cognitive (following Amason, 1996 and Amason and Sapienza, 1997), in conjunction with process (Jehn and Chatman, 2000), to describe the three types of interpersonal conict. These terms, which reect the more specic terminology used in the psychology literature, are dened in Table II. As Table II shows, the typology we propose is as follows. Affective Conict isa term describing conicts concerned with what people think and feel about their relationships including such dimensions as trust, status and degree of interdependence (Amason and Sapienza, 1997). Cognitive Conict describes conicts concerned with what people know and understand about their task, roles and functions. edge Conict relates to conicts arising from the situational setting, the organization structure, strategy or cu lture (Amason and Sapienza, 1997 Jehn and Chatman, 2000). development this typology for conict between individuals or groups of individuals within the organization avoids confusion over the use of the terms interpersonal, person or relationship often used when referring to affective conict, while task conict is clearly distingui unload from process conict, addressing all the issues previously describe. These terms will therefore be used throughout the balance of this paper. Having argued that taxonomic confusion has hindered conict research through the misuse of existing taxonomies (Bradford et al., 2004) or where language has resulted in the use of different terms to describe the same conict type (see Table I), we now move on to consider the insinuations or consequences of intraorganizational conict and whether it is al demeanors negative or can have positive consequences (De Dreu, 1997). Consequences of conict usable or dysfunctional?Some researchers exploring attitudes towar ds conict have considered the consequences of conict for individual and group performance (Jehn, 1995) and have found that interpersonal conict can have either functional (positive) or dysfunctional (negative) outcomes for team and individual performance (e.g. Amason, 1996). Moreover, the consequences of conict can be perceived and felt in different focussings by different actors experiencing the conict episode (Jehn and Chatman, 2000). Thus, conict is situationally and perceptually relative.Conict typeAffectiveTable II.A proposed taxonomy ofconictDenitionConicts concerned with what people think and feel about their relationships with other individuals or groupsCognitiveConicts concerned with what people know and understand about their taskProcessConicts arising from the situational context, the organization structure, strategy or cultureThe traditional view of conict takes the view that conict exists in opposition to co-operation and that conict is wholly dysfunctional, putting the focus on resolution rather than management (e.g. Pondy, 1966). This perspective can be traced forrader to more recent work. Where conict is dened as the process which begins when one person or group feels negatively affected by another (Thomas, 1992), there is an implication of obstruction to either party achieving their goals, which is readily interpreted negatively. This can result in conict turning a mien or suppression of conict management behavior, leading to perceived negative consequences on team or individual performance (De Dreu, 1997). Negatively-perceived conict episodes can increase tension and antagonism between individuals and lead to a lack of focus on the required task (Saavedra et al., 1993 Wall and noan, 1986) while avoidance and suppression can also have long term negative consequences such as stiing creativity, promoting groupthink and causing an escalation in any existing conict (De Dreu, 1997). none surprisingly, where interdependence is negative (where one party wins at the expense of the other although they have some dependency in their relationship) any conict will be viewed negatively (Janssen et al., 1999). The perception of conict will also be negative where the conict is personal, resulting in personality clashes, increased striving and frustration. This type of relationship conict can impede the decision-making process as individualsfocus on the personal aspects rather than the task related issues (Jehn, 1995). In contrast to the somewhat negative perception of intraorganizational conict outlined above, more recent conict management theory has begun to suggest that certain types of conict can have a positive effect upon relationships and that the book binding hat route to this outcome is through acceptance of, and effective management of, inevitable conict, rather than through conict avoidance or suppression (De Dreu, 1997). When individuals are in conict they have to address major issues, be more creative, and see diff erent aspects of a problem. These challenges can mitigate groupthink and stimulate creativity (De Dreu, 1997). Naturally, where there is high positive interdependence (an agreeable outcome for both parties), the conict episode will be viewed much more positively (Janssen et al., 1999). Moreover, Jehn (1995) has suggested that task- and issue-based cognitive conict can have a positive effect on team performance. Groups who generate cognitive conict have a greater understanding of the assignments at hand and are able to make better decisions in dealing with issues as they arise (Simons and Peterson, 2000). For example, research has shown that, when individuals are exposed to a devils advocate, they are able to make better judgments than those not so exposed (Schwenk, 1990). Schulz-Hardt et al. (2002) suggested that groups make better decisions where they started in disagreement rather than agreement. In these examples, conict has a functional (useful and positive) outcome. We have ar gued that the notion of functional conict has shifted the eld of conict research a counselling from conict resolution and towards condition of the management behaviors which can be select in dealing with conict in localise to gain the outstrip possible outcome (De Dreu, 1997 Euwema et al., 2003). Next, we examine research into conict management behaviors and explore some of the managerial tools that have been developed to friend managers to deal with intraorganizational, interpersonal conict. Conict management behaviorsConict management can be dened as the actions in which a person typically engages, in response to perceived interpersonal conict, in order to achieve a desired goalA re-evaluationof conict theory191IJCMA21,2192(Thomas, 1976). Demonstrably, conict management pays off previous research has indicated that it is the way in which conict episodes are addressed which determines the outcome (Amason, 1996). However, there is disagreement between researchers as to the degr ee to which managers can and do adopt different conict management behaviors. Previous research has considered three different approaches the one best way perspective (Sternberg and Soriano, 1984) the contingency or situational perspective (Thomas, 1992 Munduate et al., 1999 Nicotera, 1993) and the complexity or conglomerated perspective (Van de Vliert et al., 1999 Euwema et al., 2003). Arguably the simplest perspective on conict management behavior is the one best way perspective (Sternberg and Soriano, 1984), which agues that one conict management style or behavior ( quislingism) is more effective than any other. However, it argues that individuals have a particular preferred behavioral predisposition to the way in which they handle conict. Thus, from the one best way perspective, the conict-avoiding manager may have a behavioral predisposition to avoidance strategies, whereas the accommodating manager may prefer accommodating solutions. In this paradigm, the most constructive sol ution is considered to be collaboration, since collaboration is always positively interdependent it has a joystick best outcome, generally described as win/win (Van de Vliert et al., 1997). The one best way approach suggests that a more aggressive, competitive, negatively interdependent approach (in fact, any conict management approach other than collaborative) can result in suboptimal outcomes (Janssen et al., 1999). However, the one best way perspective raises more questions than it answers. It does not exempt how managers are able to collaborate if theyhave a different behavioral predisposition, nor does it provide evidence that collaboration always produces the best outcome (Thomas, 1992). A more general problem with the one best way approach is that it may not be very useful if managers truly have little or no stop over their approach to conict management, the practical applications are limited. The one best way perspective does not consider the passage of time, that behavi ors could be changed or modied during any interaction, nor the effect any previous encounters may have on the current experience (Van de Vliert et al., 1997). Moving beyond the one best way perspective, in which only collaborative behaviors are considered to provide the most desirable outcome, the contingency perspective maintains that the optimal conict management behavior depends on the specic conict situation, and that what is appropriate in one situation may not be appropriate in another (Thomas, 1992). In this paradigm, the best approach is dependent upon the particular set of circumstances. The implications, which are very different to the one best way perspective, are that individuals can and should select the conict management behavior that is most likely to produce the desired outcome. Thus, conict management behaviors are regarded as a matter of preference (rather than innate, as in the one best way view), and the outcome is dependent on the selection of the most appropria te mode of conict management behavior. Until recently, conict research has been heavily inuenced by the one best way and contingency perspectives, focusing on the strength of a hotshot mode of conict management behavior (primarily collaboration) during a single conict episode (Sternberg and Soriano, 1984). Thus the one best way and contingency perspectives do not unavoidably offer a real-world view in which managers both can and do change their behaviors adapting to the situation perhaps trying different approaches to breaka deadlock or to improve their bargaining position taking into account changing circumstances in the microenvironment and the subsequent inuence upon the actions of individuals involved in any conict episode (Olekalns et al., 1996). A fresh approach is provided by the complexity perspective, which characterizes conicts as being high-power and multi-dimensional. In such circumstances, the best behavioral style in dealing with any one conictepisode may vary dur ing, or between, conict episodes (Medina et al., 2004 Nicotera, 1993). For conict in a complex world, incomplete the one best way nor the contingency perspective would necessarily produce optimal results. If conict does not occur discretely and individually (Pondy, 1992a), existing approaches may not describe the world as managers actually experience it. Arguably, these approaches have articially limited conict research to a at, two-dimensional model. To address the shortcomings of traditional research and to incorporate the complexity perspective into conict management theory, we need to move beyond two dimensions (Van de Vliert et al., 1997).beyond two dimensions of conict management theoryRecent work by Van de Vliert et al. (1997) and Medina et al. (2004) has expanded current theory through consideration of the complexity perspective. The complexity perspective argues that any reaction to a conict episode consists of multiple behavioral components rather than one single conict management behavior. In the complexity perspective, using a mixture of accommodating, avoiding, competing, compromising and collaborating behaviors throughout the conict episode is considered to be the rule rather than the elision (Van de Vliert et al., 1997).To date, studies taking a complexity approach to conict management have adopted one of three different complexity perspectives. The rst examines simultaneous complexity and how different combinations of behaviors affect the outcome of the conict (Munduate et al., 1999). The second complexity approach focuses on the point of behavioral change and the outcome, examining either the behavioral phases through which the participants of a conict episode pass, or apply temporal complexity to look at the point at which behavioral style changes and the effect on the conict episode (Olekalns et al., 1996). The third approach is the sequential complexity or conglomerated perspective, which is concerned with the different modes of conict m anagement behavior, how they are combined, and at what point they change during the interaction.The application of the complexity perspective to conict management researchhas revealed that managers use more than the ve behaviors suggested by the one best way perspective to manage conict. In their study of conglomerated conict management behavior, Euwema et al. (2003) argued that the traditional approach under-represents the individuals assertive modes of behavior and have as a result added confronting and process controlling, making seven possible behaviors (1) competing(2) collaborating(3) avoiding(4) compromising(5) accommodatingA re-evaluationof conict theory193IJCMA21,2194(6) confronting and(7) process controlling.Weingart et al. (1990) identied two types of sequential imitate Reciprocity, responding to the other party with the same behavior and Complementarity, responding with an opposing behavior. Applying a complexity perspective, the effectiveness of complementarity or reci procity behaviors will be contingent upon the situation, the micro-environment, the number of conict episodes, and the types of conict present. The sequential pattern may in itself be complex, being dependent both upon the current situation and on alter behaviors throughout the interaction. A further, often unrecognized implication of complexity in conict is that each conict episode could be unique, being composed of different proportions of each of the affective, cognitive and process conict types (Jehn and Chatman, 2000).The implication for conict management strategy and the choice of the most appropriate behavior is immense. Therefore, a new perspective is needed, in which conict and the response to conict is viewed as dynamic and changing over time, with each conict episode having a unique composition requiring a specic but exible approach in order to obtain the best possible outcome. We propose that this might result in a manager changing behavior during a conict episode, or indeed a manager adopting different behaviors for a number of conict episodes occurring simultaneously. In the next section, we take all these complex factors into account and propose a single, dynamic and comprehensive model of conict management behavior.Multiple, simultaneous conict episodesWe have shown that the eld of conict has become entangled in multiple terms and that research into conict management is struggling to reconcile two-dimensional models with the more complex situation encountered in the real world. A model is needed which considers the complexity of conict episodes and separates conict antecedents from conict types, recognizing that conict can relate to emotions and situations which have common antecedents. We propose that the way forward is to expand the conglomerated perspective into a sequential contingency perspective, in which the sequence of conict management behaviors adopted is dependent upon a number of inuencing factors in the micro-environment, the num ber of conict episodes being dealt with, their composition, and changes in the behaviors of the actors involved.A sequential contingency perspectiveThe sequential contingency perspective for intraorganizational, interpersonal conict proposes the adoption of an pick paradigm which is that conict is ever-present and ever-changing in terms of its nature or composition and that it is the way in which these continuous conicts is managed which determines the outcome of any conict episode and the nature of any subsequent conicts. Figure 1 provides a visual percept of Pondys (1992b) postmodern paradigm of conict and provides a foundation for the investigation of complex, multiple, simultaneous, intraorganizational conicts. This conceptual visualization of conict within the organizationprovides a multidimensional representation of conict from the paradigm that conict is an inherent feature of organizational life. It shows how, at any one given point in time,A re-evaluationof conict theory1 95Figure 1.A conceptual visualizationof multiple, simultaneousconictthere can be a number of conict episodes experienced (y axis), each with different intensities (z axis) and duration (x axis). In addition, we have argued that each conict episode will have a unique composition, being made up of different proportions of cognitive, affective and process elements.The implications for conict management theory are twofold rst, the behavioral strategies adopted in the management of these conicts will be highly complex and will be determined by a number of inuencing factors and second, this moves theory beyond the two dimensional duel concern perspective, in that the adaptable manager dealing with these multiple, simultaneous conicts will also need to consider the possible implications of their chosen strategy along with the changing micro environment in which they operate. Using this three-dimensional conceptual visualization of conict within the organization we propose a sequential cont ingency model for managing interpersonal conict within the organization (Figure 2). The prefatorial elements of the modeling in Figure 2 consider all the dimensions of conict and its management as previously discussed.the conict episode characteristics, the type and composition of any conict episode encountered (Amason, 1996 Jehn, 1995 Jehn, 1997 Pinkley and zero(prenominal)thcraft, 1994).the characteristics of the relationship(s) (Jehn, 1995).the characteristics of the individuals involved.the conict management behaviors and.the outcome of previous conict episodes (Van de Vliert et al., 1997).IJCMA21,2196Figure 2.A sequential contingencymodel for managingintra-organizational,interpersonal conictThe basic postulate of the model is that conict is a constant and inherent condition of the organization (that is, that conict episodes do not occur as isolated, anomalous incidents). Additionally, the effectiveness of the conict management behaviors in terms of its functionality or dysfun ctionality is contingent upon, and moderated by, the nature of the conict, the characteristics of the individuals and relationships involved, and experience of previous conict. Thus, this model provides a framework for dealing with multiple, simultaneous conict episodes moving beyond the tradition two-dimensional approach. future tense researchTo date there has been little empirical research into the degree to which individuals are able to adapt their behavior during an interaction, or on the value of the complexity perspective in dealing with complexintraorganizational conict. The future research agenda needs to explore conict through Pondys (1992b) alternative paradigm and expand on these supposed ndings by investigating intraorganizational, interpersonal conict in a number of ways. We therefore set out a research agenda framed in terms of four research propositions.First, taking the sequential contingency perspective and adopting Pondys (1989) alternative paradigm for conict wit hin the organization, research is needed to establish the occurrence of conict. Pondy (1992b) argues that, rather than a sequence of discrete isolated incidents, conict is an inherent condition of social interaction within the organization and that conict episodes occur simultaneously not sequentially. This would imply thatP1a. Conict is a constant condition of interorganizational, interpersonal relationships.A re-evaluationof conict theoryP1b. Multiple conict episodes occur simultaneously.P1c. Conict episodes are complex, having differing compositions of affective, cognitive and process elements which change over time.The complexity perspective recognizes that different conict situations call for different management behaviors (Van de Vliert et al., 1997). This implies that managers can call upon a much wider range of approaches to conict management than previously thought. Moreover there is a further implication, which is that managers are able to adapt their behavior during conic t episodes. Thus P2a. Managers use different behaviors to manage multiple conicts at any one time.P2b. Managers change their behavior over time during the same conict episode. A substantial branch of recent conict management research has focused on the outcomes of conict and has suggested that not all conict is negative (De Dreu, 1997 Simons and Peterson, 2000 Schultz-Hardt et al.,2002 Schwenk, 1990). accustomed this, we need a greater understanding of the effect that the behavior adopted has on the conict experienced, whether it apologise or agitated the situation, and the consequences for any subsequent conict (Amason, 1996). ThusP3a. The behaviors that managers use affect the outcome of the conict. P3b. The behaviors that managers use affect subsequent conicts. Finally, re-visiting Pondys (1989) alternative paradigm and incorporating the additional perspectives that come from consideration of conict outcomes and the application of the complexity perspective, we argue that more research is needed into the relationship between the behaviors that managers adopt and whether these behaviors represent the conscious adaptation of an optimal approach to conict management. ThusP4.Conict management involves adapting a set of behaviors through which a degree of co-operation is maintained, as opposed to the use of behavior(s) which resolve(s) discrete isolated incidents of conict.Our purpose in setting out a new model and research agenda for conict management research, together with a set of detailed research propositions, is to move the eld beyond the consideration of conict episodes as discrete, isolated incidents and to encourage the investigation of different behaviors in different circumstances and their effectiveness. Future research needs to consider the complexity of conict and adopt a research paradigm which considers the behavioral strategies within long term complex interpersonal relationships.ConclusionThis paper has offered four contributions to the eld of conict and conict management. The rst is the clarication of conict typologies set out in Table II. The197IJCMA21,2198second contribution is the notion that business enterprise managers handle multiple and simultaneous conict episodes that require different approaches to resolving them, so that the existing models proposed for conict management are unlikely to chime with their actual experience. The third contribution is to map this in the form of a new supposed model for conict management (Figure 2). The fourth contribution is to use this theoretical model to set out a set of research propositions to shape research that will shed light on the real conicts that managers have to face. Just 40 years on, and intraorganizational conict theory itself appears to be in conict. In order to resolve the apparent differences in research approach and perspective researchers need to establish some common ground upon which new theory can be empirically tested, allowing conict management theor y to move beyond two dimensions and to explore complexity whilst adding clarity. denounce1. 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About the authorsJames Speakman is Assistant prof of International Negotiation at IESEG Business School, a member of Catholic University of Lille, where his attentions are focused on sales and negotiation. After working for 16 years in appoint account management sales he completed his PhD research at Craneld School of Management, where, using the Critical Incident proficiency with an Interpretive Framework for coding to investigate intraorganizational, interpersonal conict and the behavioral sequences adopted in the management of these complex interpersonal, intraorganizational conict episodes. Other research interests include personal selling, past, present and future, where he conducted the US research for a multinational study on the future of personal selling an d negotiation in context where his research interests include multi-cultural negotiation. James Speakman is the corresponding author and can be contacted at I.SpeakmanIESEG.FRLynette Ryals specializes in key account management and marketing portfolio management, particularly in the area of customer protability. She is a Registered exemplar of the London Stock Exchange and a Fellow of the Society of Investment Professionals. She is the Director of Cranelds Key Account Management Best Practice Research Club, Director of the Demand Chain Management community and a member of Craneld School of Managements Governing Executive.To purchase reprints of this article please e-mail reprintsemeraldinsight.com Or visit our web site for further details www.emeraldinsight.com/reprintsA re-evaluationof conict theory201